Rapid Hardening Cement (IS 8041–1990)

This cement is similar to ordinary Portland cement. As the name indicates it develops

strength rapidly and as such it may be more appropriate to call it as high early strength cement. It is pointed out that rapid hardening cement which develops higher rate of development of strength should not be confused with quick-setting cement which only sets quickly. Rapid hardening cement develops at the age of three days, the same strength as that is expected of ordinary Portland cement at seven days.

The rapid rate of development of strength is attributed to the higher fineness of grinding (specific surface not less than 3250 sq. cm per gram) and higher C3S and lower C2S content.

A higher fineness of cement particles expose greater surface area for action of water and also higher proportion of C3S results in quicker hydration. Consequently, capid hardening cement gives out much greater heat of hydration during the early period. Therefore, rapid hardening cement should not be used in mass concrete construction.

The use of rapid heading cement is recommended in the following situations:

(a) In pre-fabricated concrete construction.

(b) Where formwork is required to be removed early for re-use elsewhere,

(c) Road repair works,

(d) In cold weather concrete where the rapid rate of development of strength reduces the vulnerability of concrete to the frost damage.

Ordinary Portland Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is by far the most important type of cement. All the

discussions that we have done in the previous chapter and most of the discussions that are going to be done in the coming chapters relate to OPC. Prior to 1987, there was only one grade of OPC which was governed by IS 269-1976. After 1987 higher grade cements were introduced in India. The OPC was classified into three grades, namely 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 grade depending upon the strength of the cement at 28 days when tested as per IS 4031-1988. If the 28 days strength is not less than 33N/mm2, it is called 33 grade cement, if the strength is not less than 43N/mm2, it is called 43 grade cement, and if the strength is not less then 53 N/mm2, it is called 53 grade cement. But the actual strength obtained by these cements at the factory are much higher than the BIS specifications.

Teating of Cement

Testing of cement can be brought under two categories:

(a) Field testing

(b) Laboratory testing.

Field Testing

It is sufficient to subject the cement to field tests when it is used for minor works. The following are the field tests:

(a) Open the bag and take a good look at the cement. There should not be any visible lumps. The colour of the cement should normally be greenish grey.

(b) Thrust your hand into the cement bag. It must give you a cool feeling. There shouldnot be any lump inside.

(c) Take a pinch of cement and feel-between the fingers. It should give a smooth and not a gritty feeling.

(d) Take a handful of cement and throw it on a bucket full of water, the particles should float for some time before they sink.

(e) Take about 100 grams of cement and a small quantity of water and make a stiff paste.

From the stiff paste, pat a cake with sharp edges. Put it on a glass plate and slowly

take it under water in a bucket. See that the shape of the cake is not disturbed while taking it down to the bottom of the bucket. After 24 hours the cake should retain its original shape and at the same time it should also set and attain some strength.

If a sample of cement satisfies the above field tests it may be concluded that the cement is not bad. The above tests do not really indicate that the cement is really good for important works. For using cement in important and major works it is incumbent on the part of the user to test the cement in the laboratory to confirm the requirements of the Indian Standard specifications with respect to its physical and chemical properties. No doubt, such

confirmations will have been done at the factory laboratory before the production comes out from the factory. But the cement may go bad during transportation and storage prior to its use in works. The following tests are usually conducted in the laboratory.

(a) Fineness test. (b) Setting time test.

(c) Strength test. (d) Soundness test.

(e) Heat of hydration test. (f ) Chemical composition test.

Types of Cement

(a) Ordinary Portland Cement

(i) Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade– IS 269: 1989

(ii) Ordinary Portland Cement 43 Grade– IS 8112: 1989

(iii) Ordinary Portland Cement 53 Grade– IS 12269: 1987

(b) Rapid Hardening Cement – IS 8041: 1990

(c) Extra Rapid Hardening Cement – –

(d) Sulphate Resisting Cement – IS 12330: 1988

(e) Portland Slag Cement – IS 455: 1989

(f) Quick Setting Cement – –

(g) Super Sulphated Cement – IS 6909: 1990

(h) Low Heat Cement – IS 12600: 1989

(j) Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS 1489 (Part I) 1991 (fly ash based) – IS 1489 (Part II) 1991 (calcined clay based)

(k) Air Entraining Cement – –

(l) Coloured Cement: White Cement – IS 8042: 1989

(m) Hydrophobic Cement – IS 8043: 1991

(n) Masonry Cement – IS 3466: 1988

(o) Expansive Cement – –

(p) Oil Well Cement – IS 8229: 1986

(q) Rediset Cement – –

(r) Concrete Sleeper grade Cement – IRS-T40: 1985

(s) High Alumina Cement – IS 6452: 1989

(t) Very High Strength Cement – –

HOW TO CALCULATE DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS AND MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

 

HOW TO PREPARE VALUATION REPORT OF N.A. PLOT & EXISTING BUILDING

                       VALUATION REPORT OF N.A PLOT & EXISTING BUILDING

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 

A) Name of the Property Holder:  Owner Name

 

B) Location of Land: Address of Site / Building 

 

C) Type of Land: N.A Site with Existing Building

 

D) Land/Site Area : :  0 Acres & 1 Guntas 14.75 Anna =  1665 Sq.ft

 

E) Market Value: 2700 Rs/ Sq.ft

 

F) Total Cost of Site = Total Site Area X Market Value

= 1665 Sq.ft X 2700 Rs / Sq.ft = 44,95,500 /-

G) Builtup Area of Existing Building :  803.3 Sq.ft

 

H) Present Construction Cost = 2200 Rs / Sq.ft

 

I) As Building is built in the year 1996, it’s been 24 Years,

Construction Cost after depreciation of 20 % = 1830 Rs / Sq.ft

J) Total Valuation of Building = Total Builtup Area X  Construction Cost

      = 803.3 Sq.ft X  1830 Rs / Sq.ft = 14,70,039 /-

 

Total Cost of Site & Existing Building ( F + J) = 59, 65,539/-

                                                                                                                                   

                                               SAY RS: 59, 66,000/-

 

 

(RUPEES FIFTY NINE LAKHS AND SIXTY SIX THOUSANDS ONLY)

CHECK LIST TO BE FOLLOWED BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS

CHECK LIST TO BE FOLLOWED BEFORE STARTING CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS

     Before Construction of Buildings, we must follow the procudre for construction. Many Architect's/Engineer's will make mistake because of client pressure to start of project early. Being a responsible Engineer should follow the necessary requirements.

Checklist as follows :

1) Initial Site Visit - Its like priliminary survey of site, during this visit engineer should collect following data   

     a) Directions ( North, South, East & West )

     b) Road & its width

     c) Soil Type

     d) Water, Seware Lines, Open Drain, Electricity Connections etc.

2) Client Requirements & Budget - Engineer or Builder should know the requirements of Client like Sizes of Rooms, No.of floors to be constructed now and later (Future Plan) & their budget for construciton.

3) Planning & Soil Testing - Architect / Engineer will need to start working plan as per clients requirements. Along with Soil Testing to be done to know the Soil Parameters like Cohesiveness, Angle of Repose, S.B.C of Soil, Swelling Index, Water Table etc. 

4) Approval of Working Plan / Elevation (2D/3D) - Once working plan/drawing is done, need to take approval/ finalise by client (Final Approval - Later No Changes will be done).

5) Structural Design - Once Working Plan & Soil Testing is Completed, need to contact Structural Engineer (Qualified/Experienced) for Structural Design & Structural Detail Drawings.

     Data to be given to Structural Engineer for Structural Designs are as follows :

     a) Soil Data (ohesiveness, Angle of Repose, S.B.C of Soil, Swelling Index, Water Table etc.)

     b) Working Plan / Drawing ( All floors plan which is to be constructed now and in future).

     c) Type of Building like Residential, Commercial or Public Building.

     d) 2D/3D Elevation etc.

6) Estimation / Approval for Building Construction -  Once Structural Design is Completed. Estimation of Building to be made. Next Working Drawing, Structural Drawings & Estimation will be uploaded for approval from Muncipal Authorities for Construction Approval. If your papers ( Working Drawing, Structural Drawings & Estimation ) are as per regulations, you will get approval from the Authorities.

7) Water Supply & Electricity for Construction - After approval of drawings, one should apply for Water Supply & Electicity Connection for Construction purpose from respective authorities.

     After all these 7 Steps, One can start Construction Project and Engineer / Architect should visit site regularly. Structural Engineer Should Visit Site whenever necessary. 

Concrete & Highway Testing Lab Manual

Concrete & Highway Testing Lab Manual

     A set of experiments on Fresh & Hardened Concrete information including, list of experiments, equipments used, observation & procedure etc.

     A pdf is attached through link below.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=13rVWssXyjurOIlcgZ6dMx0sdUMPLn_aD

Analysis of Plate Under Tension

Analysis of Plate Under Tension

     It is topic comes under design of Steel Structures- Tension Members. The MS Plate with boltted connection. In the analysis process, the plate is analysed under Yield Strength, Capacity under Rupture and Block Shear.

     In the present discussion, the plate is analysed under Yield Strength, Capacity under Rupture and Block Shear. From the analysis, we can find out the capacity of plate under tension.

     A pdf is attached through the link below for your reference.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=10PYXQOV06KOQtYqPk84LfFvrpZ0sgKXd

Welded Connections

Welded Connections

 In steel structure connections, mainly two types of connections are used.

1) Welded Connections

2) Bolted Connections

     

     Design of Welded Connection is another important challenging task for Steel Structure Designers. Before going to design, one must know the type of connections, type of joints, specifications and many more parameters.

Types of Joints, Connection, Analysis & Designs are discussed in pdf attached with this post.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=15OGLpnFPBIuVGgFlXieK0RvUSXOQ3Vo6

Calculation of Inertia of Builtup Section

Mainly for Rolled Sections, inertia values are given in steel table and for builtup sections Inertia Values (i.e Ixx & Iyy) is calculated as shown in image.

Basics of RC Structural Elements

Basics of RC Structural Elements

Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements are mainly designed to achieve three following parameters:

1) Strength

2) Stiffness

3) Ductility


 1) Strength in RC Sections mailny achieved by Material used in member such as Concrete & Steel.

 2) Stiffness is achieved by the dimensions of section such as width & depth.

 3) Ductility is achieved by the lateral ties & stirrups.